Selasa, 04 Juni 2013
Kenali Ciri-ciri Penyakit Jantung Plus Pencegahan Sejak Dini
Ciri Penyakit Jantung Plus Pencegahan-Penyakit jantung merupakan penyakit yang sangat mematikkan.Bisa dikatakan tinggal menghitung hari.Hal ini karena jantung merupakan organ vital yang terdapat pada tubuh manusia .Jnatung juga berfungsi sebagai salah satu organ yang berperan dalam mengalirkan darah keseluruh tubuh kita.
Architecture and gardens
English architecture begins with the architecture of the Anglo-Saxons; at least fifty surviving English churches are of Anglo-Saxon origin, although in some cases the Anglo-Saxon part is small and much-altered. All except one timber church are built of stone or brick, and in some cases show evidence of reused Roman work. The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings ranges from Coptic-influenced architecture in the early period; Early Christian basilica influenced architecture; to, in the later Anglo-Saxon period, an architecture characterized by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular-headed openings. Almost no secular work remains above ground.
Other buildings such as cathedrals and parish churches are associated with a sense of traditional Englishness, as is often the palatial 'stately home'. Many people are interested in the English country house and the rural lifestyle, as evidenced by visits to properties managed by English Heritage and the National Trust.
Landscape gardening as developed by Capability Brown set an international trend for the English garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits.
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Other buildings such as cathedrals and parish churches are associated with a sense of traditional Englishness, as is often the palatial 'stately home'. Many people are interested in the English country house and the rural lifestyle, as evidenced by visits to properties managed by English Heritage and the National Trust.
Landscape gardening as developed by Capability Brown set an international trend for the English garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits.
Japanese language
Japanese is the official and primary language of Japan. Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 AD.
Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts: hiragana, derived from the Chinese cursive script, katakana, derived as a shorthand from Chinese characters, and kanji, imported from China. The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also common.
Read More ->>
Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts: hiragana, derived from the Chinese cursive script, katakana, derived as a shorthand from Chinese characters, and kanji, imported from China. The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also common.
Cultural Identity
Much of Thailand’s culture comes from the ethnic Thai people. One of the most important influences on Thai culture has been Buddhism. Many of the traditions and beliefs of the people in Thailand stem directly from Buddhist principles. Hinduism has also made important contributions to Thai culture, and the close links between Thailand and India can be seen in art, literature, and in many Thai customs. The cultures of nearby Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and China have also played an important role in forming the traditions of Thailand, as have indigenous belief systems such as Animism.
Of Thailand’s nearly 70 million people, roughly two thirds are from Thai ethnic groups. Although the ethnic Thai people can be divided into dozens of different subgroups, their traditions, languages, and cultures differ only slightly. This leads to a population with a strong sense of shared traditions and cultural identity.
The remaining third of the population is made up primarily of Chinese, as well as various minorities including Vietnamese, Khmer, Hmong, and Mein. Even among these diverse ethnic groups, the Thai language is widely spoken and understood, and the Thai script is often used in place of traditional writing styles.
Since the 1950s, Thailand’s government has made efforts to preserve and strengthen the sense of national culture and national identity. During the 1980s and 1990s, however, Thailand saw a resurgence in local culture and traditions. Although there is still a strong national identity, local food, dances, music, celebrations, and beliefs have begun to play a more important role in Thai life.
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Of Thailand’s nearly 70 million people, roughly two thirds are from Thai ethnic groups. Although the ethnic Thai people can be divided into dozens of different subgroups, their traditions, languages, and cultures differ only slightly. This leads to a population with a strong sense of shared traditions and cultural identity.
The remaining third of the population is made up primarily of Chinese, as well as various minorities including Vietnamese, Khmer, Hmong, and Mein. Even among these diverse ethnic groups, the Thai language is widely spoken and understood, and the Thai script is often used in place of traditional writing styles.
Since the 1950s, Thailand’s government has made efforts to preserve and strengthen the sense of national culture and national identity. During the 1980s and 1990s, however, Thailand saw a resurgence in local culture and traditions. Although there is still a strong national identity, local food, dances, music, celebrations, and beliefs have begun to play a more important role in Thai life.
culture in thailand
Thailand lies between Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos, with the Gulf of Thailand to its south. Its culture mixes strong Indian influences, Chinese traditions, and elements that are uniquely Thai. With its diverse geography, friendly people, and stunning scenery, the “Land of a Thousand Smiles” is a must-see destination in South East Asia.
Thailand is the 50th largest country in the world with an area roughly equal to that of France. With rugged mountains in the north and world-famous tropical beaches in the south, it is a land of pristine beauty.
Thailand is separated into four distinct regions. Despite the overarching strength and unity of Thai culture, each region has its own unique cultural and geographic features.
Northern Thailand shares its border with Myanmar and Laos. This region is mountainous and filled with thick forests and river valleys. Its culture is heavily influenced by Burmese culture and it carries strong influences from the historical Lanna kingdom.
Northeastern Thailand, also known as Isan, is largely isolated from the rest of Thailand by a large mountain range. A Lao-speaking majority, as well as a primarily agricultural society, characterize this culturally distinct region.
Southern Thailand, located on the Malay peninsula, is home to many of Thailand’s pristine beaches and resorts. With a more tropical climate, this narrow land mass is home to a many fishing communities.
It is the region of Central Thailand that is predominant, though. This region is the seat of Thailand’s modern-day capital city, Bangkok. With its fertile plains, it has also long been the economic center of the country, producing the majority of Thailand’s rice. Central Thailand is also the area that has the greatest population density, and the greatest concentration of the ethnic Thai majority. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Thailand.
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Thailand is the 50th largest country in the world with an area roughly equal to that of France. With rugged mountains in the north and world-famous tropical beaches in the south, it is a land of pristine beauty.
Thailand is separated into four distinct regions. Despite the overarching strength and unity of Thai culture, each region has its own unique cultural and geographic features.
Northern Thailand shares its border with Myanmar and Laos. This region is mountainous and filled with thick forests and river valleys. Its culture is heavily influenced by Burmese culture and it carries strong influences from the historical Lanna kingdom.
Northeastern Thailand, also known as Isan, is largely isolated from the rest of Thailand by a large mountain range. A Lao-speaking majority, as well as a primarily agricultural society, characterize this culturally distinct region.
Southern Thailand, located on the Malay peninsula, is home to many of Thailand’s pristine beaches and resorts. With a more tropical climate, this narrow land mass is home to a many fishing communities.
It is the region of Central Thailand that is predominant, though. This region is the seat of Thailand’s modern-day capital city, Bangkok. With its fertile plains, it has also long been the economic center of the country, producing the majority of Thailand’s rice. Central Thailand is also the area that has the greatest population density, and the greatest concentration of the ethnic Thai majority. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Thailand.
Culture of Indonesia
The culture of Indonesia has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. Indonesia is centrally-located along ancient trading routes between the Far East and the Middle East, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam and Christianity, all strong in the major trading cities. The result is a complex cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures.
Examples of cultural fusion include the fusion of Islam with Hindu in Javanese Abangan belief, the fusion of Hinduism, Buddhism and animism in Bodha, and the fusion of Hinduism and animism in Kaharingan; others could be cited.
Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra, especially in the Minangkabau and Aceh regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat.
Western culture has greatly influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues. India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut, which is often mixed with Arab and Malay folk music.
Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous ethnic groups Mentawai, Asmat, Dani, Dayak, Toraja and many others are still practicing their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes.
Read More ->>
Examples of cultural fusion include the fusion of Islam with Hindu in Javanese Abangan belief, the fusion of Hinduism, Buddhism and animism in Bodha, and the fusion of Hinduism and animism in Kaharingan; others could be cited.
Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra, especially in the Minangkabau and Aceh regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat.
Western culture has greatly influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues. India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut, which is often mixed with Arab and Malay folk music.
Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous ethnic groups Mentawai, Asmat, Dani, Dayak, Toraja and many others are still practicing their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes.
Senin, 03 Juni 2013
hukum ohm
Hukum Ohm dan Hambatan Listrik pada Kawat Penghantar- Seperti telah dijelaskan sebelumnya bahwa arus listrik mengalir dari potensial tinggi ke potensial rendah. Dengan kata lain, arus listrik mengalir karena adanya beda potensial. Hubungan antara beda potensial dan arus listrik kali pertama diselidiki oleh George Simon Ohm (1787–1854). Beda potensial listrik disebut juga tegangan listrik. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa arus listrik sebanding dengan beda potensial. Semakin besar beda potensial listrik yang diberikan, semakin besar arus listrik yang dihasilkan. Demikian juga sebaliknya, semakin kecil beda potensial yang diberikan, semakin kecil arus listrik yang dihasilkan. Ohm mendefinisikan bahwa hasil perbandingan antara beda potensial/tegangan listrik dan arus listrik disebut hambatan listrik. Secara matematis ditulis sebagai berikut.
V = tegangan atau beda potensial listrik (volt; V), dan
I = kuat arus listrik (ampere; A).
sering juga ditulis dalam bentuk
Gambar 5.5 Grafik kuat arus listrik I sebagai fungsi beda potensial VGambar 5.5 di samping menunjukkan tentang grafik kuat arus I sebagai fungsi beda potensial V. Pada Gambar 5.5 jika suatu bahan penghantar menghasilkan grafik kuat arus I sebagai fungsi, beda potensial V nya tidak membentuk garis lurus, penghantarnya disebut komponen non-ohmik. Untuk bahan penghantar yang menghasilkan grafik kuat arus I sebagai fungsi, beda potensial V-nya membentuk garis lurus, penghantarnya disebut komponen ohmik.
ρ = hambatan jenis konduktor (m),
l = panjang konduktor (m), dan
A = luas penampang konduktor (m2).
Suatu kawat penghantar memiliki hambatan listrik R yang sering disebut juga resistensi. Jika penampang konduktor berupa lingkaran dengan jari-jari r atau diameter d, luas penampangnya memenuhi persamaan A = ¼ πd2 sehingga Persamaan diatas dapat juga ditulis
Hambatan jenis konduktor bergantung pada suhunya. Semakin tinggi suhunya, semakin tinggi hambatan jenis konduktor dan semakin tinggi pula hambatan konduktor tersebut. Pengaruh suhu terhadap hambatan konduktor dapat dituliskan dalam persamaan berikut.
R0 = hambatan konduktor pada suhu t0 oC,
α = koefisien suhu hambatan jenis (/oC), dan
Δt = t - t0 = selisih suhu (oC).
Contoh soal Hukum Ohm
1. Sebuah bola lampu dengan hambatan dalam 20 Ω diberi tegangan listrik 6 V.
(a) Tentukan arus yang mengalir melalui lampu tersebut. (b) Jika tegangannya dijadikan 12 V, berapakah arus yang melalui lampu tersebut sekarang?
Jawab
Diketahui: R = 20 Ω.
a. ketika V = 6 V, arus pada lampu
I = V / R = 6V/20Ω = 0,3 A
b. ketika V = 12 V, arus pada lampu
I = V / R = 12 V / 20Ω = 0,6 A
Contoh ini menunjukkan bahwa, untuk hambatan tetap, ketika tegangan dijadikan dua kali semula (12 V = 2 kali 6 V), arus listrik yang mengalir menjadi dua kali semula (0,6 A = 2 kali 0,3 A).
2. Sebuah kawat yang panjangnya 2 m dan luas penampangnya 5 cm2 memiliki hambatan 100Ω. Jika kawat tersebut memiliki panjang 4 m dan luas penampang 1,25 cm2, berapakah hambatannya?
Jawab
Diketahui: l1 = 2 m, A1 = 5 cm2, R1 = 100 Ω, l2 = 4 m, dan A2 = 1,25 cm2.
Soal ini lebih mudah diselesaikan dengan menggunakan metoda perbandingan. Dari persamaan R = ρl/A diperoleh:
R1/R2 = (l2.A2) / (l1.A1)
R2= (4m x 1,25 cm2)x100 / (2m x 5cm2) = 50Ω
Jadi, hambatannya adalah 50 Ω.
3. Sebuah termometer hambatan terbuat dari platina (α = 3,92 × 10-3/C°). Pada suhu 20°C, hambatannya 50 Ω. Sewaktu dicelupkan ke dalam bejana berisi logam indium yang sedang melebur, hambatan termometer naik menjadi 76,8 Ω. Tentukan titik lebur indium tersebut.
Jawab
Diketahui: α = 3,92 × 10-3/C°, to = 20°C, Ro = 50 Ω, dan R = 76,8 Ω .
R = R0 (1 +α Δt ) = R0 + R0 α Δt → R – R0 = R0 α Δt
sehingga diperoleh
Δt = (R – Ro) / (Roα) = (76,8 – 50)Ω / (50Ω )(3,920×10-3 /oC)= 136,7 oC
Jadi, karena suhu awalnya 20°C, titik lebur indium adalah 136,7°C + 20°C = 156,7°C.
4. Suatu kawat penghantar dengan hambatan total sebesar 10 Ω. Kawat tersebut membawa arus sebesar 50 mA. Hitunglah perbedaan potensial antara kedua ujung kawat tersebut.
Penyelesaian:
Beda potensial antara kedua ujung kawat tersebut dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan (5.4) yaitu:
V = R I = (10 Ω) (50 mA) = (10 Ω) (0,05 A) = 0,5 V
5. Suatu kawat nikrom (resistivitas 10-6 Ω.m) memiliki jari-jari 1,20 mm. Berapakah panjang kawat yang dibutuhkan untuk memperoleh resistansi 4,0 Ω?
Penyelesaian:
Luas penampang kawat ini adalah:
A = πr2
= (3,14) (12 x 10-4m)2
= 4,5 x 10-6 m2
Dari persamaan kita dapatkan:
L = (RA)/ρ = (4Ω)(4,5×10-6m2) / 10-6Ω = 18 m
R = V / I
dengan: R = hambatan listrik (ohm;Ω ),V = tegangan atau beda potensial listrik (volt; V), dan
I = kuat arus listrik (ampere; A).
sering juga ditulis dalam bentuk
V = IR …….. (8–4)
dan dikenal sebagi hukum Ohm. Atas jasa-jasanya, nama ohm kemudian dijadikan sebagai satuan hambatan, disimbolkan Ω .
Gambar 5.5 Grafik kuat arus listrik I sebagai fungsi beda potensial VHambatan Listrik Konduktor
Pernahkah Anda memperhatikan laju kendaraan di jalan raya? Di jalan seperti apa sebuah mobil dapat melaju dengan cepat? Ada beberapa faktor yang memengaruhinya, di antaranya lebar jalan, jenis permukaan jalan, panjang jalan dan kondisi jalan. Jalan dengan kondisi sempit dan berbatu akan mengakibatkan laju mobil menjadi terhambat. Sebaliknya, jalan yang lebar dan beraspal mulus dapat mengakibatkan laju mobil mudah dipercepat. Demikian pula, panjang jalan akan memengaruhi seberapa cepat mobil dapat melaju. Ketika mobil dapat melaju dengan cepat, dapat dikatakan bahwa hambatan jalannya kecil dan sebaliknya, ketika laju mobil menjadi lambat karena faktor jalan, dapat dikatakan bahwa hambatan jalannya besar. Kuat arus listrik dapat dianalogikan dengan laju mobil di atas. Kuat arus listrik akan kecil ketika melalui konduktor yang luas penampangnya kecil, hambatan jenisnya besar, dan panjang. Sebaliknya, kuat arus listrik akan besar ketika melewati konduktor yang luas penampangnya kecil, hambatan jenisnya besar, dan pendek. Ketika kuat arus listrik kecil, berarti hambatan konduktornya besar dan sebaliknya, ketika kuat arusnya besar, berarti hambatan konduktornya kecil. Bukti percobaan menunjukkan bahwa luas penampang, hambatan jenis, dan panjang konduktor merupakan faktor-faktor yang menentukan besar kecilnya hambatan konduktor itu sendiri. Secara matematis, hambatan listrik sebuah konduktor dapat ditulis sebagai berikut.R = ρl/A
dengan:R = hambatan listrik konduktor (Ω ),ρ = hambatan jenis konduktor (m),
l = panjang konduktor (m), dan
A = luas penampang konduktor (m2).
Suatu kawat penghantar memiliki hambatan listrik R yang sering disebut juga resistensi. Jika penampang konduktor berupa lingkaran dengan jari-jari r atau diameter d, luas penampangnya memenuhi persamaan A = ¼ πd2 sehingga Persamaan diatas dapat juga ditulis
R = (4ρl) / (πd2)
Persamaan ini menunjukkan bahwa hambatan listrik konduktor sebanding dengan panjang konduktor dan berbanding terbalik dengan luas penampang atau kuadrat jari-jari (diameter) konduktor. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin panjang konduktornya, semakin besar hambatan listriknya. Di lain pihak, semakin besar luas penampangnya atau semakin besar jari-jari penampangnya, hambatan listrik konduktor semakin kecil. Selain itu, Persamaan ini juga menunjukkan bahwa hambatan listrik konduktor bergantung pada hambatan jenis konduktor. Semakin besar hambatan jenis konduktor, semakin besar hambatannya. Konduktor yang paling baik adalah konduktor yang hambatan jenisnya paling kecil. Di lain pihak, bahan yang hambatan jenisnya paling besar merupakan isolator paling baik.Hambatan jenis konduktor bergantung pada suhunya. Semakin tinggi suhunya, semakin tinggi hambatan jenis konduktor dan semakin tinggi pula hambatan konduktor tersebut. Pengaruh suhu terhadap hambatan konduktor dapat dituliskan dalam persamaan berikut.
R=Ro (1+αΔt) …. (8–7)
dengan: R = hambatan konduktor pada suhu t oC,R0 = hambatan konduktor pada suhu t0 oC,
α = koefisien suhu hambatan jenis (/oC), dan
Δt = t - t0 = selisih suhu (oC).
Contoh soal Hukum Ohm
1. Sebuah bola lampu dengan hambatan dalam 20 Ω diberi tegangan listrik 6 V.(a) Tentukan arus yang mengalir melalui lampu tersebut. (b) Jika tegangannya dijadikan 12 V, berapakah arus yang melalui lampu tersebut sekarang?
Jawab
Diketahui: R = 20 Ω.
a. ketika V = 6 V, arus pada lampu
I = V / R = 6V/20Ω = 0,3 A
b. ketika V = 12 V, arus pada lampu
I = V / R = 12 V / 20Ω = 0,6 A
Contoh ini menunjukkan bahwa, untuk hambatan tetap, ketika tegangan dijadikan dua kali semula (12 V = 2 kali 6 V), arus listrik yang mengalir menjadi dua kali semula (0,6 A = 2 kali 0,3 A).
2. Sebuah kawat yang panjangnya 2 m dan luas penampangnya 5 cm2 memiliki hambatan 100Ω. Jika kawat tersebut memiliki panjang 4 m dan luas penampang 1,25 cm2, berapakah hambatannya?
Jawab
Diketahui: l1 = 2 m, A1 = 5 cm2, R1 = 100 Ω, l2 = 4 m, dan A2 = 1,25 cm2.
Soal ini lebih mudah diselesaikan dengan menggunakan metoda perbandingan. Dari persamaan R = ρl/A diperoleh:
R1/R2 = (l2.A2) / (l1.A1)
R2= (4m x 1,25 cm2)x100 / (2m x 5cm2) = 50Ω
Jadi, hambatannya adalah 50 Ω.
3. Sebuah termometer hambatan terbuat dari platina (α = 3,92 × 10-3/C°). Pada suhu 20°C, hambatannya 50 Ω. Sewaktu dicelupkan ke dalam bejana berisi logam indium yang sedang melebur, hambatan termometer naik menjadi 76,8 Ω. Tentukan titik lebur indium tersebut.
Jawab
Diketahui: α = 3,92 × 10-3/C°, to = 20°C, Ro = 50 Ω, dan R = 76,8 Ω .
R = R0 (1 +α Δt ) = R0 + R0 α Δt → R – R0 = R0 α Δt
sehingga diperoleh
Δt = (R – Ro) / (Roα) = (76,8 – 50)Ω / (50Ω )(3,920×10-3 /oC)= 136,7 oC
Jadi, karena suhu awalnya 20°C, titik lebur indium adalah 136,7°C + 20°C = 156,7°C.
4. Suatu kawat penghantar dengan hambatan total sebesar 10 Ω. Kawat tersebut membawa arus sebesar 50 mA. Hitunglah perbedaan potensial antara kedua ujung kawat tersebut.
Penyelesaian:
Beda potensial antara kedua ujung kawat tersebut dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan (5.4) yaitu:
V = R I = (10 Ω) (50 mA) = (10 Ω) (0,05 A) = 0,5 V
5. Suatu kawat nikrom (resistivitas 10-6 Ω.m) memiliki jari-jari 1,20 mm. Berapakah panjang kawat yang dibutuhkan untuk memperoleh resistansi 4,0 Ω?
Penyelesaian:
Luas penampang kawat ini adalah:
A = πr2
= (3,14) (12 x 10-4m)2
= 4,5 x 10-6 m2
Dari persamaan kita dapatkan:
L = (RA)/ρ = (4Ω)(4,5×10-6m2) / 10-6Ω = 18 m
Langganan:
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